Last night, I became curious on the subject of a'imma. (Well, to be perfectly honest, I started out being curious about Imams, but quickly discovered that the actual plural of imam was a'imma.) I followed my mouse pointer through the mildly intoxicated haze that frequently engulfs my kinpewter screen to this very interesting and thorough discussion Of Islam in "the Encyclopaedia of the Orient". It turns out that an Imam can be any of five things:
1. IN THE MOSQUE
The congregational prayer performed in the mosque is supposed to have a leader, and this person is called 'imam'. In the standard interpretation, being imam is not having a profession, nor is it a qualification: The imam is imam only as long as he is leading the prayer.
Any respected Muslim who is normally well-trained in the prayer, as-Salat, can be an imam. In general, it is the most learned and most respected person in the assembly who is offered the honour of being imam.
However, in modern times, many mosques have made their imam into something more: an employed leader of the congregation, a spokesman for the members of the congregation and an adviser in all questions that relate somehow to religion.
2. SHI'I ISLAM: The highest leader
There are several different nuances of views on "imam" among the Shi'is. There are differences over what makes an imam an imam, and therefore who should be imam. At the time of the first imam, Ali, there was one view, even if the imamship was not yet defined. The original idea over the imam says that he must:
Be a man of direct descent of either Husayn or his brother Hassan
Not be a minor
Sound in mind and body
Have good knowledge of theology
Have the capacity of being a ruler
The imam is supposed to have a special closeness to God — have something that comes close to divine powers. The imam is supposed to be the guidance of the human race, in both religious as well as secular issues. Due to this quality, there can only be one imam at a time. The imam is the only one who fully understands all aspects of Islam, he is infallible and the only one who can give interpretations of the Koran and the hadiths. Hence, he is the only one who can rule the Muslim society on a day to day basis.
There are among many Shi'is an idea that there are two types of imams: The true and the false. The false imams are the Ummawiyy and Abbasid caliphs, while the true imams are the ones in the list to the right.
According to the Ithnã casharî (Twelver) Shi'is — which is the largest group of Shi'is — there were 12 imams, of which the last went into occultation around 941 CE and is expected back in the shape of Mahdi (a saviour character with many similarities with Messiah of Judaism and Christianity).
Along the line of the 12 imams, there were many disputes over who was the right imam. Records show that there were more than 40 Shi'i sects growing out of these indifferences, where the first group was the (no longer existing) Saba'iyya, who thought that Ali achieved the quality of being God, and went into occultation instead of dying.
With all imams, save Husayn, groups differed over who was the right imam. Most of these groups have since long disappeared, but a couple of them still exist.
After the 4th imam (dead in 712 or 713 CE), one group meant that Zayd was the rightful new imam, and from this the Zaydis came.
Some years later (in 765 CE), another group claimed that Ismacil was the rightful 7th imam, and from this we have the Isma'ilis, and even later, from them the Druze came.
The Zaydis believe that there can be more than one imam at one time, and that there can be periods when there are no imams at all.
3. SHI'I ISLAM: Modern reinterpretations
With Ayatullah Khomeini, a new orientation found its place in Twelver Shi'ism. Many of the qualities earlier resting with the imam alone, were defined to be within the reach of the very most learned men of their branch of Islam.
Hence, Khomeini and his closest, could efficiently rule the religious life of Iran, something that would not have been possible if the older ideas over the imam should continue to prevail (where only the imam was the rightful leader of the Muslim community).
4. SUNNI ISLAM: Caliphs
As the leaders of the community, the caliphs have been called 'imams'. As there are no longer any caliphs, this use of the term 'imam' is presently of minimal importance.
5. SUNNI ISLAM: Eminence
As a way of expressing eminence for certain learned men inside Islam, the term 'imam' has been added to the their names. Examples of learned men being called 'imam' are the founders of the schools of the Sharia, and the great theologian al-Ghazzali.
So there you have it friends, another "Big Five"... Happy hunting!

(general Kitchner outside the Mahdi's tomb, by R. Caton Woodville)
posted by IFYA, editor at assigning tags, licenses and bounties
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